Erosion of Gender Equality in America :: Feminism Feminist

Disintegration of Gender Equality in America American individuals arrive in an assortment of shapes and sizes; their musings, fears, and feelings vary generally. It is generally fundamental for Americans to pick a status in legislative issues and network; however clearly among explicit gatherings and associations, a person’s convictions and sentiments contrast drastically from the following. Women's activist gatherings, explicitly over the most recent twenty years, have declared their perspective on participation as a world class gathering of lady who must have a similar explicit feelings. Additionally, they reprimand any individual who doesn't, as silly and supporting the continuation of subjection of ladies. Women's activist purposeful publicity is off course with regards to the genuine encounters of American ladies and men. It is valid, that before, a woman’s voice was frequently dismissed; she was denied sure rights, for certain ladies battled. Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Blackwell were celebrated for their fearlessness and tirelessness in bringing change. It is sheltered to state that most Americans presently concur people have huge gifts and capacities. A century back ladies were worried about issues, for example, the option to possess property and vote. Somewhere close to at that point and now, women's activist gatherings turned their plan to issues that irritated numerous Americans. They went too far of individual and good choices and made ludicrous allegations toward men. The primary women's activists were vital. Present day women's activists have put some distance between American ladies and â€Å"unconsciously subverted certified equality†. It is no big surprise why people attempt to separate themselves from women's liberation. Some time before Europeans went to the â€Å"new land† with their Judeo-Christian philosophy, man controlled society was the special case not the standard. Ladies, their bodies, and capacity to conceive an offspring and medical attendant youngsters were embellished. Ladies did 80% of the chasing until the reintroduction of the pony. â€Å"Women were pushed out of the chasing situation. The pony permitted men to become radius,† and the man’s â€Å"expendable sex† was no obstruction when voyaging significant distances. The â€Å"economic survival† was presently the man’s area. The estimation of the ladies fell when â€Å"mother earth† lost her place. Moreover, the European pilgrims constrained their Christian beliefs on the Native Americans and other subordinate gatherings later. During the following quite a long while, the pilgrim family remained the equivalent; verifiably, there was no women’s development until 1848, the time of the Seneca Falls Convention. Sorted out by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the â€Å"Declaration of Principles† was created.

Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals

Restorative Testing on Animals A point that has consistently been near numerous people’s hearts is the one of creature testing. Some accept that it is correct totally, some that it is correct yet just in specific situations, and others accept that all creature testing isn't right and will go to uncommon lengths to stop it. Should creatures be hurt to profit humanity? This is a squeezing question that has been around for in any event the previous two centuries. As I would like to think, it is ethically uncaring to torment our creatures. Consistently, a great many creatures endure and kick the bucket in difficult tests to decide the wellbeing of beauty care products. Substances, for example, eye shadow and cleanser are tried on hares, rodents, guinea pigs, hounds, and different creatures. The entirety of this, notwithstanding the way that the test outcomes don’t help forestall or treat human ailment or injury. A portion of the tests utilized on creatures are eye irritancy tests, intense poisonousness tests, and skin irritancy tests. For a considerable length of time, creatures have been utilized in these kinds of research. (1) A controlled pooch holds up in a research center. Inside the following couple of moments this pooch will be coercively fed or compelled to breathe in tremendous measures of a conceivably deadly substance. This will make the canine regurgitation, endure seizures and inside dying. The pooch won't be anesthetized during this test. Researchers accept that utilizing painkillers will meddle with the exactness of the test outcomes. This isn't a test for relieving disease. This isn't a test for relieving AIDS. This canine is being tried for a pristine hair color. Another pooch will be tried similarly for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the infamous LD-50 test. The test is finished when half of the guinea pigs bite the dust. The enduring half are murdered, autopsied and broke down to figure out which organs and frameworks were influenced and why they didn't kick the bucket during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is similarly alarming. In the Draize te st... Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Free Essays on Cosmetic Testing On Animals Corrective Testing on Animals A subject that has consistently been near numerous people’s hearts is the one of creature testing. Some accept that it is correct totally, some that it is correct yet just in specific situations, and others accept that all creature testing isn't right and will go to uncommon lengths to stop it. Should creatures be hurt to profit humankind? This is a squeezing question that has been around for in any event the previous two centuries. As I would see it, it is ethically unfeeling to torment our creatures. Consistently, a large number of creatures endure and pass on in difficult tests to decide the security of beautifiers. Substances, for example, eye shadow and cleanser are tried on hares, rodents, guinea pigs, hounds, and different creatures. The entirety of this, notwithstanding the way that the test outcomes don’t help forestall or treat human disease or injury. A portion of the tests utilized on creatures are eye irritancy tests, intense poisonousness tests, and skin irritancy tests. For a considerable length of time, creatures have been utilized in these sorts of research. (1) A controlled canine holds up in a research center. Inside the following couple of moments this pooch will be forcibly fed or compelled to breathe in gigantic measures of a possibly deadly synthetic. This will make the canine regurgitation, endure spasms and inner dying. The canine won't be anesthetized during this test. Researchers accept that utilizing painkillers will meddle with the precision of the test outcomes. This isn't a test for restoring malignant growth. This isn't a test for restoring AIDS. This pooch is being tried for a fresh out of the box new hair color. Another canine will be tried similarly for toothpaste, another for face powder. This is known as the infamous LD-50 test. The test is finished when half of the guinea pigs bite the dust. The enduring half are slaughtered, autopsied and dissected to figure out which organs and frameworks were influenced and why they didn't kick the bucket during the test. The Draize test for eye and skin irritancy is similarly stunnin g. In the Draize test...

The Importance of Finding Time For Yourself

The Importance of Finding Time For Yourself Make Time For Yourself And The Rest Will Fall Into Place Make Time For Yourself And The Rest Will Fall Into Place It’s time to unwind, kick back, and relax, for the sake of your well-being. In today’s busy world, it’s more important than ever to take some time for yourself and prioritize yourself once in awhile. Get help with homework if you need to. Just take a few things off your plate for a little while and give yourself some me time. The Importance of Focusing on Yourself You are not being selfish if you put yourself first every once in awhile. In fact, we all need to do this to make sure that we stay on track and keep up with productivity levels. But sometimes it’s hard to find the excuses we need to justify treating ourselves to breaks, relaxation, or even a vacation. The good news is that you don’t need excuses any longer! Here are the many reasons your me time is so important. Your Brain Needs Time to Unwind Taking time for yourself means letting your brain rest, unwind, and clear up a little bit. The more you work your brain without a break, the more it’s going to break down and cause serious mental issues in the long term. It’s important to get assignment help if you need it to prevent your brain from becoming too overworked. It is never a bad thing to ask for help! You Need Time to Find Yourself A lot of people will tell you that university is a time when you find yourself and you figure out who you are. You can’t very well be doing that if you never spend any time getting to know yourself. If you don’t know who you are or figure out yourself, it can lead to problems later on in your life. It’s always important to make sure you take time to do this. This will also help you with your future relationships, whether those are family relationships, friendships, or romantic relationships. Me Time Boosts Productivity In a study done by the University of London, researchers found that people who experienced the highest quality me time had the highest production rates at work. Think of it like recharging your batteries. When you take some time to relax, you have more energy and motivation to get back to work and get all of those assignments done on time. If you’re starting to miss deadlines or feel the pressure to get caught up, hire a custom essay writing service to catch you up and take time to relax and recharge. At Homework Help Canada, our academic writers are ready to help you with your with your assignments and create custom essays for you, so you can step back and take a breather. As you carve out time to spend with yourself, let us take care of your deadlines and your assignments to take the weight off your shoulders. Our expert academic writers are talented, trained professionals who will make sure your grades are where they need to be. Contact us now if you need more information, or to get a quote for your next assignment. References: Carter, Sherrie Bourg. “6 Reasons You Should Spend More Time Alone.” Psychology Today. 31 Jan. 2012. Accessed 10 Feb. 2017. 6-reasons-you-should-spend-more-time-alone. “Spend High Quality Me-Time to Boost Productivity at Work.” Hindustan Times. 10 Jan. 2015. Accessed 10 Feb. 2017. . The Importance of Finding Time For Yourself Make Time For Yourself And The Rest Will Fall Into Place Make Time For Yourself And The Rest Will Fall Into Place It’s time to unwind, kick back, and relax, for the sake of your well-being. In today’s busy world, it’s more important than ever to take some time for yourself and prioritize yourself once in awhile. Get help with homework if you need to. Just take a few things off your plate for a little while and give yourself some me time. The Importance of Focusing on Yourself You are not being selfish if you put yourself first every once in awhile. In fact, we all need to do this to make sure that we stay on track and keep up with productivity levels. But sometimes it’s hard to find the excuses we need to justify treating ourselves to breaks, relaxation, or even a vacation. The good news is that you don’t need excuses any longer! Here are the many reasons your me time is so important. Your Brain Needs Time to Unwind Taking time for yourself means letting your brain rest, unwind, and clear up a little bit. The more you work your brain without a break, the more it’s going to break down and cause serious mental issues in the long term. It’s important to get assignment help if you need it to prevent your brain from becoming too overworked. It is never a bad thing to ask for help! You Need Time to Find Yourself A lot of people will tell you that university is a time when you find yourself and you figure out who you are. You can’t very well be doing that if you never spend any time getting to know yourself. If you don’t know who you are or figure out yourself, it can lead to problems later on in your life. It’s always important to make sure you take time to do this. This will also help you with your future relationships, whether those are family relationships, friendships, or romantic relationships. Me Time Boosts Productivity In a study done by the University of London, researchers found that people who experienced the highest quality me time had the highest production rates at work. Think of it like recharging your batteries. When you take some time to relax, you have more energy and motivation to get back to work and get all of those assignments done on time. If you’re starting to miss deadlines or feel the pressure to get caught up, hire a custom essay writing service to catch you up and take time to relax and recharge. At Homework Help USA, our academic writers are ready to help you with your with your assignments and create custom essays for you, so you can step back and take a breather. As you carve out time to spend with yourself, let us take care of your deadlines and your assignments to take the weight off your shoulders. Our expert academic writers are talented, trained professionals who will make sure your grades are where they need to be. Contact us now if you need more information, or to get a quote for your next assignment. References: Carter, Sherrie Bourg. “6 Reasons You Should Spend More Time Alone.” Psychology Today. 31 Jan. 2012. Accessed 10 Feb. 2017. 6-reasons-you-should-spend-more-time-alone. “Spend High Quality Me-Time to Boost Productivity at Work.” Hindustan Times. 10 Jan. 2015. Accessed 10 Feb. 2017. .

Critique on Whether God Exists Essay - 837 Words

Critique on Whether God Exists Countless philosophers since the beginning of recorded history have pondered the question of whether God exists. One such philosopher, Saint Thomas Aquinas, put forth his own theory on the existence of God. In his text â€Å"Whether God Exists†, he stated that through his five arguments he could prove God’s existence. His five arguments are from motion, from first efficient cause, from possibility and necessity, from gradation, and from design. Aquinas begins his text with two objections as to why God does not exist. The first states that God does not exist because the word â€Å"God† has the meaning of infinite goodness. Therefore, if God actually existed there would be no evil in this world. Because†¦show more content†¦According to Aquinas, everything has been put into motion by an original force or first mover, and this he believes to be God. Aquinas’ second argument is the argument from the formality of efficient causation. In this he states that there is an order of efficient causes in things that occur. Aquinas says that there is no evidence â€Å"†¦in which a thing is found to be the efficient cause of itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bowie, 58, Col.2). He states that there must be a first cause, which creates one or more intermediate causes, which then in turn creates an ultimate cause. According to Aquinas, without a cause, there can be no effect. Therefore without a first cause, there cannot be an intermediate or ultimate cause, or an ultimate effect. So according to Aquinas, there must have been some First Efficient Cause, which he claims is God. Aquinas’ third argument is from possibility and necessity. In this Aquinas states that things that can one day cease to exist could not have always existed. Aquinas says â€Å"†¦if everything could cease to exist, then at one time there could have been nothing in existence.† (Bowie, 59, Col.1). He stated that if this were true then there woul d be nothing in existence now. This is because according to Aquinas, if nothing had existed, there would be nothing there to begin to exist. So therefore, according to Aquinas, there must be some being in existence that has always been there. This something has its own necessity and causes necessity inShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred his epistemology as â€Å"critical philosophy† since all he wanted to do was critique reason and sort our legitimate claims of reasons from illegitimate ones. His epistemology says that we can have an objective, universal, and necessary knowledge of the world, and that science cannot tell us about reality. He claims science cannot tell us anything because it only tells us about the world as it is perceived, whether it’s based on measures, manipulations, experiments and so on. Kant says that weRead MoreDescartes Ontological Argument Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesIn philosophy of religion, one of Descartes’s most famous arguments is his Ontological proof for the existence of God. It is a proof that one can know God a priori, with no experience whatsoever. Countering Descartes, a philosopher named Caterus raised key objections to his proof, which Descartes later responded to in an intriguing way. Descartes’s reply to Caterus’s critique of the Ontological argument does not properly refute the objections made. Descartes’s Ontological argument begins with theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Christian College s ( Pcc ) Definition Of Art, And Dr. Francis Schaeffer s Criteria For Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesagree that the Bible should be our canon as Christian artists. 2 Timothy 3:16 states that â€Å"All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness†. The Bible should be our authority in all aspects of life, and this also spills over into the area of art. In creation, we see that God Himself is an artist and I believe that we should model our art after His. Because of this, the Bible should be our standard when creatingRead MoreGod Is Real Or Not Real846 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the nature of God and whether God is real or not real is for the most part innate. I have dwindled it down to two types of people in my world, people who believe in God and who do not believe in God. Most of my childhood growing up, I believed in a creator of the world, but as I grew up and began to understand more about science as well as reasoning, I walked a fine line between what I was taught to believe and what I thought was real. My family began to drift away from God, as did I. EverythingRead MoreThe Absolute Paradox For Kierkegaard Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesKierkegaard—is essentially God. Humans are foolish in their attempt to prove God’s existence; for humans’ attempted to do so already assumes god’s existence. In other words, , there would be no need for proof. The bible is in no way able to act as the only proof of God’s existence. To argue that the events in the world must derive from an all-good being (God) assumes that these events are all ultimately good—and this assumption is based on the belief that there exists an all-good author of theseRead MoreThe Doctrine Of God : The Justification For God1566 Words   |  7 Pages being who holds the power of the world. Whether it is Allah for the Muslims, Brahman for the Hindus, or God for Christians, it seems the notion of God is imbedded deep in the history of many different ethnicities and backgrounds. According to some studies a belief in a deity is innate, we are essentially hardwired to believe in God. Even from a young age we are taught â€Å"there is something more out there†, but is there? What proof is there? Has one every seen God? Is it ignorant to simply believe in somethingRead MoreThe Teleological Argument For The Existence Of Intelligent Design1273 Words   |  6 Pagescreate a fully functioning and sustainable universe. These details have been found from a biological perspective, as well as from a cosmological scale. The teleological argument is commonly used to provide evidence for the existence of the theistic God, or at least an intelligent designer. In contrast, those who are against the teleological argument generally believe th at the universe is a result of an accidental explosion. Although there are many theories that use the teleological argument to provideRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreEssay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument1217 Words   |  5 Pagesontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the concept of God, and arguing that it implies the actual existence of God; that is, if we can conceive of God then God exists. However, this type of argument isRead MoreOntological Argument999 Words   |  4 PagesOntological Argument One of the most fascinating arguments for the existence of an all-perfect God is the ontological argument. Ontological arguments are arguments to prove the existence of God based on pure reason alone. They attempt to show that we can deduce God’s existence from, so to speak, the very definition of God. St. Anselm of Canterbury proposed the first and most well known ontological argument in 1078 in his Proslogion, but it was actually Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher

Whitm War Changes A Society - 1287 Words

Whitman: War Changes a Society Walt Whitman, a great American poet to be compared to Emily Dickinson and Edgar Allan Poe, exists at the heart of American culture. Whitman’s work has not lost its appeal because it still applies to America in the new millennia; America is still deeply troubled by issues of division, hypocrisy, and racism—much unlike the America of inclusion and forbearance Whitman envisioned for American in Leaves of Grass. Although Leaves of Grass is often considered Whitman’s most influential work, Whitman spent eighty-five chapters of his autobiography discussing his war experiences, even though his life through 1860 seemed to be the years crucial to the background of Leaves. When considering Whitman’s view that the war†¦show more content†¦The captain is representative of Lincoln, whom Whitman identified with. Lincoln was a symbol of authority and power that Whitman felt he could believe in. Lincoln was someone who had become a great leader from humble beginnings. For Whitman, Lincoln was â€Å"†¦the president who defended the freedom and integrity of the United States against the perpetuation of the odious institution of slavery† (Campo 126). Lincoln was the â€Å"Redeemer President† Whitman had sought for so long. In the poem, after a long, dangerous voyage, the speaker, a sailor on the ship, yells at the captain of the ship to let him know they have finally arrived home safe and sound. Although the trip was obviously arduous, the crew has succeeded in their mission; the speaker states that â€Å"the prize we sought is won† (Kaplan 467). The ship approaches the harbor, its home. Arriving in the harbor, would suggest safety and the conclusion of the crew’s long, treacherous journey. If Lincoln is the ship’s captain, then the ship represents the voyage of the United States as a whole. â€Å"The fearful trip† (Kaplan 467) is the country’s civil war and i ts journey toward a peaceful solution and reunion of the country. As the crew approaches this symbol of wellbeing, the people at the port cheer, â€Å"the people all exulting† (Kaplan 467). Despite the happiness of the people awaiting the ship and crew, the ship is described as â€Å"grim and

Defilement Human Sexual Behavior and Child Free Essays

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM – LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT PRESENTED IN FULFILMENT OF PART OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT: STUDENT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. STUDENT REGISTRATION No: L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT: 4480 ————————————————- DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT: ————————————————- THURSDAY, 29TH SEPTEMBER 2011 ————————————————- ————————————————- I am aware of academic rules on plagiarism and state that the work covered by this report is my own and does not contain any unacknowledged work from other sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child or any similar topic only for you Order Now ————————————————- PRINT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. ————————————————- SIGNATURE: ————————————————- TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. 0: ABSTACT 1. 1: Objectives 1. 2: Method 2. 0: INTRODUCTION 3. 0: BODY 3. 1: Definition of defilement 3. 2: Background of defilement in Kenya 3. 3: Statistics on defilement in Kenya 3. 4: Perpetrators of defilement in Kenya. 3. : Age of defilement victims in Kenya 3. 6: Possible explanations as to why defilement is on the rise 3. 6. 1: Gender inequality and patriarchal notions 3. 6. 2: Cultural practises 3. 6. 3: Poverty 3. 6. 4: Cultural and social stereotypes 3. 6. 5: Failed institutions 3. 7: Laws governing the prosecution of sexual violence against children: 3. 7. 1: The constitution 3. 7. 2: Sexual offences act, 2006 3. 7. 3: The children’s act 3. 7. 4: The criminal procedure code 3. 7. 5: The employment act 3. 8: Challenges for seeking redress in sexually assaulted children: 3. 8. 1: Slow judicial system . 8. 2: P3 and PRC form 3. 8. 3: Poor investigation and prosecution 3. 8. 4: Conflicting medical reports 3. 8. 5: Cultural and social stigma in reporting cases 3. 8. 6: Ignorance of the public 3. 8. 7: Gender desks 4. 0: CONCLUSION: 4. 1: Possible avenues of dealing with defilement 4. 1. 1: Applying the equality provisions in the new constitution 4. 1. 2: Civic education 4. 1. 3: Advanced technology in collecting evidence 4. 1. 4: Legislation to curb cultural practises encouraging defilement 4. 1. 5: Special desks in police stations for sexually assaulted victims 4. . 6: Homes for abused children 4. 1. 7: The sexual offences act 4. 2: In summery 4. 3: Acknowledgement 4. 4: Recommendation 5. 0: Referen ces: 5. 1: Statutes 5. 2: other sources DEFILEMENT MENACES A FREQUENT GUEST IN THE CORRIDORS OF JUSTICE: 1. 0: ABSTRACT: 1. 1: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to find out why the number of defilement cases is increasing daily yet most of the other crimes are decreasing. It is also meant to find out if the judiciary is doing enough to curb this social evil and if has played any role in its rise. 1. 2: METHOD: I spent two months at Limuru law court and I listened to numerous defilement trials. I held several discussions with the Magistrate and children officers and consulted numerous researches done on the same. 2. 0: INTRODUCTION: Under the SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (2006) a person who defiles a child aged eleven years or below shall upon conviction be sentenced to imprisonment for life; if the child is aged between 12 and 15 years, the term of imprisonment shall not less than 20years; and if the child is between 16-18 years old, the defiler faces a term of no less than 15 years behind bars. These are penalties that one would hope would scare the wits out of any person who is at least of reasonably sound mind from conceiving the slightest idea of defiling a minor in Kenya, but judging from the rampant cases of defilement this is not so. The make-up of the society is that a parent gives birth to a child and natures it, teaching it to grow into a responsible human being. The teacher then takes up the responsibility of nurturing when the child is about four years of age impacting knowledge on the child. The church impacts moral values on the child and the rest of the society moulds this child in preparation for greater responsibilities in the future. A child is a vulnerable member of society as they can barely survive on their own. The society is mandated with the responsibility of protecting the child but it has abandoned that responsibility and even those closest to these children are hurting them. About one in every five reported crimes around Limuru area was a sexual offence and most of them being defilement cases. This disturbing practise has not only affected the girl child but even the boy child is no longer safe. The shocking revelation is that half of the defilement cases are by a relative followed by Close family friends, teachers and very few have strangers involved. Most of the children are defiled at their homes, at a relative’s house, on their way to school or to the shop. The home which was a safe heaven for every child is no longer safe and neither are the schools where these children spend the better part of their day. Several questions linger in the mind as one tries to figure out why Kenyan society has seemingly turned this way. Was this evil ever-present but just not reported in the way it is today? Is it a sad reality recently revealed, or a growing modern menace? Does it derive from ignorance, perversity, or just plain evil? Are these the tell-tale signs of the last days as described in the Book of Revelations as some would have it, or are they just illustrations of a decaying society? And how do we stop this abomination? One does not have to be a devout Christian to hope a millstone will be cast about the neck of each and every perpetrator before they are thrown into the water. Neither does one have to be a reactionary to believe that the development of our modern society has had a role to play. Either way, this appalling issue has to be urgently addressed. 3. 0: BODY: 3. 1: DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT: Oxford dictionary: to damage the purity or the appearance of something. Sexual Offences Act: S. 8 a person who commits an act which causes penetration with a child. . 2: BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN KENYA: The African man has always been viewed as superior to the woman. Most of the African cultures portray the man as a superior being who should be obeyed without question. On the other hand the woman is painted as a submissive creature availed for the pleasure of men. This is aptly demonstrated in most of the Kenyan cultures. For example, the kikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is derived from the word urume which means extremely courageous. In contrast, the woman is known as mutumia which is derived from the word tumia which means use. This is a major reason why the kikuyu man not only considers himself as the dominant sex but also sees a woman simply as a vessel for his use (Kariuki 2004). Most cultures portray the girl child as an investment and usually when her time to get married comes what matters is the bride price they will receive. Often when a girl is getting married her parents will advise her to obey her husband and take care of him lest he will demand back the bride price (Davison 1989). The boy child on the other hand is brought up being taught that it is weakness for a man to succumb to emotion as it makes you like a woman. And as most men age, they learn to cancel out or deny erotic sensations that are not specifically linked to what they think a real man is to feel (Stoltenberg 1989:33). The boys are raised up learning that a man gives instructions that should be followed without question and even couple of Kenyan communities have encouraged chastising of women. Being a man is measured through violence and sex capability. So, when masculinity is associated with aggression and sex conquest ,domineering sexual behavior and violence become not only a means of structuring power relations between men and women , but also a way of establishing power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it reaches its most extreme expression possibly among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) wrote that all sexual intercourse was played as rape with women even in marriage expected to resist 3. 3: STATISTICS ON DEFILEMENT IN KENYA: * In 1991- in a mixed boys’ school, boys invaded girls’ dormitory and raped 70 girls leading to 19 deaths. 2 May 1992, 15 girls were raped at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza province. * A joint report by TSC and a non-profitable organization revealed that 12660 students were sexually abused by their male teachers from 2003-2007. Out of all these only 633 teachers were charged with sexual abuse. * In 2010 more than 1000 teachers were fired for sexually abusing girls. * In a standard newspap er article published on 09/02/2010 there was a story of a teacher who defiled a deaf girl getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 cases of students being defiled by teachers were reported, in 2008, 100 cases were reported and in 2009, 122 cases were reported. Out of every 100 rape cases handled by police, child rights groups, and selected hospitals, 40 were committed by fathers; according to the study conducted by the Chambers of Justice * Police statistics showed that rape and defilement were the most prevalent crimes in 2010 even as other offences reduced by 5%. * Out of 57826 crimes reported in 2010, 785 were rapes and 2660 were defilements. In 2009 729 were rapes and 2242 were defilements. * A report given by the media in 2005 showed the following results: MONTH| RAPE| DEFILEMENT| July| 33| 51| August| 10| 22| September| 3| 28| October| 0| 15| November| 7| 18| December| 6| 27| TOTAL| 59| 161| * 42 cases of sodomy were also reported between July and December of 2005. 3. 4: PERPETRATORS: Several researches have shown that fathers are the greatest perpetrators out of 100 reported cases 40 are by fathers. Other family members, neighbors, teachers and gangs are also topping the list. A research paper titled, â€Å"A media coverage on sexual violence and its implication on educational leadership† carried out by J. wanjiku Khamasi Wanjiru Muita showed the following results. OFFENDER PROFILE BY NUMBER OF INCIDENCES REPORTED: In R v MICHINO NJOROGE, LIMURU SPM, CR 69 OF 2011, 08/06/2011. The accused person was a cousin to the victim. In R v GODFREY MUGENDI NYAGAH. LIMURU SPM, CR 926 0F 2011, 27/06/2011, the accused was a neighbour. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO. LIMURU SPM, CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011, the accused was a cousin to the victim and he even impregnated her forcing her to procure an abortion as she had a heart problem which couldn’t allow her to carry the pregnancy at her age. In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011,28/07/2011 The accused was a father to the victim. These are just a few examples of the many defilement cases in Limuru carried out by either a family member or a neighbour. 3. 5: AGE OF DEFILEMENT VICTIMS: Defilers are going for younger girls every single day. In Limuru the victims were aged between 9 to 15 years. In R v ANTHONY NJIHIA WANGARI. LIMURU SPM CR 401 OF 2011 29/06/2011. The victim was a 9year old girl. In R v CHARLES KIEMO LIMURU SPM CR 1130 OF 2010, 18/07/2011. The victims were boys aged 12 and 14 years. In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011. 28/07/2011, the victim was a 10 year old girl. Researches have shown that even one month old babies are being defiled. ( J. wanjiku Khamasi Wanjiru Muita) in a research paper titled â€Å"violence against women† by Winnie . v. mitulla show that in 1996, 9 children of age 2 – 4; 12 of age 5 – 7; 10 of age 8 – 10; 8 of age 11 – 13 and 6 of age 14 were defiled; whereas in 1995, 7 children of age 2 – 4; 13 of age 5 – 7; 22 of age 8 – 10; 7 of 11 – 13 and 10 of 14 – 16 were defiled. hese may not be the exact numbers but they paint a vague picture of how children are suffering in the hands of defilers. 3. 6: POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF WHY DEFILEMENT IS ON THE RISE: 3. 6. 1: GENDER INEQUALITY AND PATRIACAL NOTIONS: The Kenyan society has been natured in a way suggesting that the man is superior while the woman is inferior and is meant to be submissive to the man. As a result most women lack the ability to protect their children from their abusive husbands. Some even leave their matrimonial homes due to the degree of suffering inflicted by their husbands leaving behind their children. I was reading a blog ion the internet where a girl narrates her ordeal after her mother left due to constant beating by her father. As the first born she assumed her mother’s duties which included having sex with her father who forced her to share a bed with him. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The accused person actually threatened to kill the victim, who was his daughter, and her mother if he was sent to jail. The mother to the accused was quoted saying that his son was the man of the house and his wife had no right to question his actions 3. 6. : CULTURAL PRACTISES: Some of the cultural practises in Kenya have done more harm than good to the Kenyan child. An example is the Samburu community which practises a cultural practise known as beading. They justify this practise claiming it prevents promiscuity when instead it encourages incest. Beading means that a girl as young as 9 years old is engaged to a relative sometimes as old as her grandfat her by use of traditional attires popularly referred to as beads. During the engagement, the admirer places a special necklace around the girl’s neck to signify he has officially booked the young one. He follows this by bringing beads in large quantities which are also put in girl’s neck as a sign of official commencement of intimate relationship though it does not lead to marriage as the two are related. The â€Å"couple† is allowed to have sexual intercourse but pregnancy is highly forbidden. Incas it does happen, it has to be terminated immediately despite the high risks involved. Early marriage which has been a widely practised culture is also defilement in its own sense because girls as young as 5years are forcefully married to older men. In a research paper entitled ‘gender, sexuality, and HIV’ a girl from Amhara Ethiopia is quoted saying that,† she hates early marriages as she was married off at five years and first had sex at 9 years. She says that her in-laws forced her to sleep with her husband who made her suffer all night and after that night whenever day became night she was worried that she would go through the same ordeal. † In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The victim while giving her evidence tried to withdraw her statement that her father had defiled her. On realising this, the prosecutor informed the magistrate and when they carried out an inquiry it came to their attention that the victim and the mother had been threatened by the accused’s mother. When we were in chambers the magistrate told us that in some customs fathers have sexual intercourse with their daughters as a way of appreciating themselves for raising them up. It sounds so absurd but it’s actually happening. 3. 6. 3: POVERTY: Poverty in Kenya has become a reason for every social evil. Children have to look for casual work in order to assist their parents in meeting basic needs. Incidences where a student was defiled while cleaning or fetching water for their teachers are very common. Aside from that some children are defiled and their defilers offer compensation to their parents who quickly take their money focusing on their economic problems. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO, LIMURU SPM CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011. The accused was the victim’s cousin and he actually impregnated her. The father of the accused offered to compensate but luckily the victim’s mother in this case refused to accept it. However very many defilement cases go unreported as parents prefer to take the money leaving this social evil unpunished. Powerful men in the society also defile young girls and go unpunished as they are able to bribe the police and magistrates earning their freedom. This encourages people with power and money to take advantage of children as they know they can easily get away with it. 3. 6. 4: CULTURAL SOCIAL STEREOTYPES: According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is a ‘person or thing seeming to conform to a heavily accepted type’. Sex-role stereotypes have also been defined as ‘the rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that MALES FEMALES possess distinct (and similar) psychological traits and characteristics. ‘Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family’s welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused; hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. Owing to the expectation that men should be breadwinners in the family, men turn to aggression in an attempt to suppress their status and continue dominating their wives or their close female relations when they perceive an economic rise by them. This means that the woman remains dependant on the man and condones his violent acts. This affects the children as they have no one to protect them as their mothers are week. Most of these girls believe they should be submissive and end up not even telling anyone their ordeal. Which is why some cases will go undiscovered unless the girl gets pregnant or contracts a disease. The woman is meant to keep herself for her husband and society views a lady who is not a virgin as lose. The value attached to female chastity is so high that even where a woman is a survivor of sexual abuse, the typical community response is to isolate and stigmatise her. The shame and stigma attached to sexual violence, and the lenient penalties meted out on offenders in formal and traditional judicial systems, silences survivors. 3. 6. 5: FAILED INSTITUTIONS: The collapse of the rule of law in conflict situations encourages sexual crimes on a massive scale. The difference between the protector and the perpetrator is not clear anymore. The perpetrators and perpetuators of sexual violence in conflict and non-conflict settings are categorised into three groups. First the disciplined forces e. g. the police, army et. al. secondly family members and the community and thirdly the structures and institutions of protection (the government and its organs, UN, AU, and other humanitarian organisations). It is often difficult to tackle impunity for sexual crimes committed during conflict because perpetrators and perpetuators often take up powerful positions in post-conflict governments. This gives them an avenue to intimidate their victims. The UN and similar institutions refuse to take responsibility for these crimes. Their correction policy often entails forwarding offenders together with reports on them to their respective countries’ judicial systems. This practise takes away any hope of justice for the survivors. This is very evident in Kenya as very many children were defiled during the 2007-2008 post-election violence and 4 years down the line no justice has been granted. We are only hoping that the ICC can give the survivors some peace of mind but we all know that, that is still miles away from happening. 3. 7: LAWS GOVERNING THE PROSECUTION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: 3. 7. 1: The Constitution of Kenya: the bill of rights S. 53(1) (d) states that every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural Practises, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment and hazardous or exploitive labour. . 7. 2: Sexual Offences Act, 2006: defilement of a child: * Aged 11 years or less- life imprisonment. * Aged between 12-15 years- not less than 20years. * Aged between 16- 18 years- not less than 15 years 3. 7. 3: The Children’s Act, 2001: S. 13(1) provides that a child is entitled to protection from physical and psychological abuse, neglect and any oth er form of exploitation including sale, trafficking or abduction by any person. 3. 7. 4: The Criminal Procedure Code, cap 75 of the laws of Kenya: S. 186 3. 7. 5: The Employment Act, 2007: S. 6 3. : CHALLENGES FOR SEEKING REDRESS IN SEXUALLY ASSAULTED CHILDREN: 3. 8. 1: SLOW JUDICIAL SYSTEM: It becomes very frustrating for the complainant, the children, and those filing the suit on behalf of the children when a matter takes over two years to be resolved. The prosecution tends to seek endless adjournments for various reasons to wit, lack of police file, witness not being in court, absence of the doctor or the investigating officer amongst other things. Courts are supposed to be liberators but instead they have become instruments of subjugation. 3. 8. 2: P3 AND PRC FORM: Defilement victims are required to fill a P3 form after being examined at a government hospital however the P3 form is not detailed and is inadequate to fill. The PRC form was introduced during the national reproductive health strategy 2009-2012 it was meant to replace the P3 form but some doctors have said it’s too detailed and it feels like a research tool, whereas the P3 Form is very basic as it catches the physical state and any injuries to the genitalia, with special reference to the labia majora, labia minora, vagina, cervix and also notes presence of discharge or venereal diseases. The P3 form is supposed to be given free of charge but in some hospitals in rural areas it is sold at ksh. 1500 which they say is the doctor’s fee to go and testify in court and this makes some people prefer to spend that money on other basic needs rather than on a document. 3. 8. 3: POOR INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS: Police prosecutors have little knowledge on the essentials of evidence. This makes their prosecution very poor and the experienced advocates have a very easy time defeating the prosecution case. The police also tend to mishandle exhibits and there are endless incidences of missing police files. There is also a lot of corruption within the police circles especially if the accused person is influential or one of them. 3. 8. 4: CONFLICTING MEDICAL REPORTS: When the victim is defiled they go hospital for first aid, they are then sent to a government hospital for the P3 form to be filled. In most cases the doctor who treat the victim and the one who fills the P3 form give conflicting reports putting reasonable doubt in the prosecution case. 3. 8. 5: CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STIGMA IN REPORTING CASES: In most Kenyan cultures topics on sex are still discussed in hushed tones. The importance of a girl being married as a virgin is still over emphasized. This means that a defiled child is unclean and is hence stigmatised. In some cases the child is even blamed. Some parents silence their children as they believe if people know no one will want to marry them and if anyone does the bride price will be very little. This makes most people opt for other methods of conflict resolution. 3. 8. 6: IGNORANCE OF THE PUBLIC: Despite the many awareness programs and campaigns carried out most Kenyans still have no idea of what they should do in the case of sexual violence. Most will not go to hospital as they do not know about the 72 hours policy. Others will clean the defiled child and the clothes they were wearing hence destroying evidence, making the police reluctant to prosecute due to lack of physical evidence. 3. 8. 7: GENDER DESKS: Police have no skills on how to handle cases of sexual abuse. There are minimum resources to equip and train police officers on how to effectively manage gender desks. 4. 0: CONCLUSION: 4. 1: POSSIBLE AVENUES OF DEALING WITH DEFILEMENT: 4. 1. 1: APPLYING THE EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION: S. 9: entitles everyone to the right of freedom and security. Which includes the right not to be subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources. S. 53: Every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour S. 27: states that everyone is equal before the law and have a right to equal protection and equal benefits under the law. These provisions emphasize that a child is as important as every other person and should be protected. If we emphasize these provisions then we will all take it upon ourselves to protect children from this inhuman practise. Each one of us will know we have a responsibility to protect the child. 4. 1. 2: CIVIL EDUCATION: We need to educate Kenyans that defilement is not the victim’s fault and that emergency measures need to be taken in the case of a child being defiled. they need to understand that it is in the best interest of the child to be taken to a hospital within the first 72 hours as it makes it possible to prevent some sexually transmitted infections. It also ensures that there is unquestionable evidence making prosecution easier. 4. 1. 3: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE: It may be definite that a child was defiled but at times it becomes hard to connect the accused person to that crime. Measures like DNA need to be incorporated in collecting evidence in defilement cases. This is to ensure that the defence has very little avenues to create doubt as the burden of proof in criminal cases is very high. It will also add weight to the P3 form evidence. 4. 1. : LEGISLATION TO CURB CULTURAL PRACTISES ENCOURAGING DEFILEMENT: As earlier stated in this paper some of our cultures are the reason why we are still struggling with defilement in Kenya. It’s about time parliament enacted laws that curb practises that infringe the rights of children exposing them to sexual violence and exploitation. The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens and children are part of that responsibility. Severe punishments should b e set for parents who marry off their young daughters, those carrying out FGM, those practising things like beading among others. We are our culture however that does not justify inhuman practises that ruin tomorrow’s generation. 4. 1. 5: SPECIAL DESKS IN POLICE STATIONS FOR SEXUALLY ASSAULTED VICTIMS: The government needs to train some officers to specifically deal with sexual assaulted victims. There should be a special desk for sexually assaulted victims where they will be accorded special care and advised on the measures they should take. They should also accord these victims protection from further abuse. 4. 1. 6: HOMES FOR ABUSED CHILDREN: Children being abused in their own homes should be taken away by children officers and placed in homes. This way they will be protecting these children from more harm. They will also give these children counselling and hopefully these children can live a normal life someday. 4. 1. 7: THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT: I still feel like the life sentence is too lenient. A person who defiles a child as young as 3months old is not any better than a murderer because a child this young has very few chances of a normal life after that ordeal. I strongly feel castration is a punishment that should be incorporated into the act. No disorder or any other explanation people have attempted to offer can justify this inhumanity and with the rate at which it’s raising people need to realise the seriousness of their actions. 4. 2: IN SUMMERY: Defilement is an evil that’s on the rise every day in this country. And it’s not just the girl child crying out but even the boy child is no longer safe. Children are Kenya’s future and if we don’t destroy this villain called defilement in a few years we will be having a generation of abused, angry and people craving for revenge. This will breed a generation of criminals which means we are destroying Kenya’s tomorrow. So we all have a mandate to stop this evil. I hope by the time i am admitted into the bar I will not experience what I saw during my judicial attachment. 4. 3: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I would like to thank the school for the chance and support through my judicial attachment. I would also like to thank madam Ireri, Limuru resident magistrate, for her devoted support and all the Limuru court staff in general. 4. 4: RECOMMENDATION: I recommend this this report to NGOs dealing with sexual violence and children rights, Legal scholars and the public in general. 5. 0: REFERENCES: 5. 1: STATUTES: 1. The Sexual Offences Act,2006 2. The Children Act 3. The Constitution 2010 4. ANPPCAN Kenya chapter. 5. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 6. Limuru Law Courts Case Law 5. 2: OTHER SOURCES: 1. J. Wanjiku Khamasi Wairimu Muita. (1991). WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. Media Coverage of Sexual Violence and its Implications on Educational Leadership. retrieved August 08,2011, from www. kaeam. r. ke/e-journal/articles/vol1/wanjikufulltext. pdf 2. Kenya country profile. (April 2009). Retrieved August 08, 2010, from www. cartercenter. org/peace/human_rights/defenders/†¦ /kenya. html 3. Sasha Hart. (August 9 2011). Police (in)action as an access to justice barrier for â€Å"defilement† victims. Retrieved august 12, 2011, from www. blogs. mcgill. ca/humanrightsinterns/2011/08/09/police-inaction-as-an-access-to-j ustice-barrier-for-defilement-victims/ 4. Christine Kung’u. (January, 24 2011). â€Å"160 Girls† University of Toronto, IHRP Panel Presentation. Retrieved August 12 2011 from, www. theequalityeffects. org/pdfs/160%20girls. pdf 5. Standard team. (June 1 2005). Shocking statistics on fathers defiling daughters. Retrieved August 13 2011 from, www. groups. yahoo. com/group/MahdiUnite/message/7472 6. Winnie V. Mitullah. (July 1997). violence against women. Retrieved August 15 2011 from,www. ieakenya. or. ke/documents/Profiling%20Women%20in%20Kenya. pdf 7. Gender sensitivity. (February 2000). Retrieved on August 17 2011 from, www. unesco. org/education/mebam/module_5. pdf How to cite Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child, Papers

System Administration And Me Essays - Computing,

System Administration And Me System Administration and Me What is system administration? System administration is basically adding and configuring new workstations, setting up user accounts, installing system-wide software, performing procedures to prevent the spread of viruses, and allocating mass storage type. While there are a lot more things that make up the job description of most system administrators, these are the ones that I'll be touching on in this report. But before getting into what that stuff means, let's talk a little bit about what's required for a system administration position. Many things are needed. First and foremost, you should have some knowledge in hardware. If you know what the difference between a scanner and a monitor, that's a good start. But there is a lot more than that. Some good things to learn are the difference between a server and a workstation, routers, hubs, cables, the difference between a NIC (Network Interface Card) and a modem, and firewalls. There are many more pieces of hardware that make up a computer network. Also, knowing how to troubleshoot, replace, or even fix hardware will come in quite handy. Once you have a good grasp on hardware, then you should look into software. The main software of a network is the OS (Operating System) that the network is based on. Some of the main operating systems that run networks are Windows NT, Unix, and Linux. These are the main programs that all the other programs run off of. It's not very likely that one can completely master all, or even one of these operating systems. There is a lot of knowledge pent-up in operating systems, and to be considered a master in one of them would take a while. But luckily, you don't have to know everything about them. A good, solid foundation in an operating system is usually enough. If you know all of the commands, or know where to find them, you should be fine. When you get a firm grasp on operating systems, then you should learn some other software. Things such as Perl, Oracle, and Apache are good to know. Perl is a programming language that can be used to create many, many things. Among them being web sites. The system administrator is oftentimes called upon to also double as webmaster for the company. Therefore, knowing how to create and maintain a web page is very helpful. Oracle is a database program. It would come in handy for keeping track of employees?where they go while on the internet, their phone number, salary, and a number of other things. Apache is a server software. It got its name from being a spin-off of a previous software that was patched (a patchy). It hosts more than 50% of all the sites in the world. As before, there is almost an infinite amount of knowledge of software that could all be helpful, but knowing everything is almost impossible. So if you don't know it all, don't worry. You can always take classes at LSSU!! Ok. Now that we have the basics out of the way, let's get back to some of the job descriptions. ? Adding and Configuring New Workstations When the network gets setup, it's basically a bunch of computers (workstations) connected to a central computer (server) using NICs and cables. Making sure that valid computer and workstation names is a major part in this. Also, using the correct protocols, adapter, and client are also important. There is much more involved, such as file sharing, but due to space conservation, that is a good start. ? Setting Up User Accounts Once you get the network operating (all of the workstations can communicate and share with the server) then you have to set up users to have access to whatever you want them to. User names and passwords must be chosen, as well as a list of who can have access to what. Things such as email addresses and web space could be allocated by giving users specific amounts of space on the server. ? Installing System-Wide Software Some software would be better run off of the server, as opposed to installed and run off of each workstation. Others would be better run off of each workstation. Depending on the size